@article {KNZ001255,
	title = {Limiting temperatures for urediniospore germination are low in a systemic rust fungus of tallgrass prairie},
	journal = {Mycologia},
	volume = {101},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {390 -394},
	abstract = {<p>Potential responses of plant disease phenology to climate change have been addressed primarily in agricultural systems. As a first step toward understanding the phenology of Uropyxis petalostemonis, a rust fungus commonly infecting the legume Dalea candida in USA tallgrass prairie, we evaluated the effects of temperature on urediniospore germination. While urediniospore germination for many rust fungi has been reported to decline only when temperatures are well above 25 C, in vitro germination of U petalostemonis dropped sharply at this temperature. Responses observed on water agar, potato dextrose agar and lima bean agar were similar, although lima bean agar supported a higher percentage germination overall. The low limiting temperatures suggest that most epidemically important new infections by U petalostemonis occur in spring. High summer temperatures in tallgrass prairie might push infection by this rust fungus species to earlier in the year and select for stronger systemic growth characteristics.</p>},
	keywords = {LTER-KNZ, Basidiomycetes, Dalea candida, Fabaceae, phenology, Uredinales, Uropyxis petalostemonis},
	doi = {10.3852/08-102},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3852/08-102?journalCode=umyc20},
	author = {Worapong, J. and Dendy, S.P. and Tang, Z. and Awl, D.J. and Garrett, K.A.}
}
@article {KNZ001063,
	title = {Climate change effects on plant disease: from genes to ecosystems},
	journal = {Annual Review of Phytopathology},
	volume = {44},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {489 -509},
	abstract = {Research in the effects of climate change on plant disease continues to be limited, but some striking progress has been made. At the genomic level, advances in technologies for the high-throughput analysis of gene expression have made it possible to begin discriminating responses to different biotic and abiotic stressors and potential trade-offs in responses. At the scale of the individual plant, enough experiments have been performed to begin synthesizing the effects of climate variables on infection rates, though pathosystem-specific characteristics make synthesis challenging. Models of plant disease have now been developed to incorporate more sophisticated climate predictions. At the population level, the adaptive potential of plant and pathogen populations may prove to be one of the most important predictors of the magnitude of climate change effects. Ecosystem ecologists are now addressing the role of plant disease in ecosystem processes and the challenge of scaling up from individual infection probabilities to epidemics and broader impacts.},
	keywords = {LTER-KNZ},
	doi = {10.1146/annurev.phyto.44.070505.143420},
	author = {Garrett, K.A. and Dendy, S.P. and Frank, E.E. and Rouse, M.N. and Travers, S.E.}
}
@article {KNZ00898,
	title = {Barley yellow dwarf disease in natural populations of dominant tallgrass prairie species in Kansas},
	journal = {Plant Disease},
	volume = {88},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {574 -},
	abstract = {The grasses Sorghastrum nutans (Indian grass), Schizachyrium scoparium (little bluestem), Panicum virgatum (switchgrass), and Andropogon gerardii (big bluestem) are four of the most common plant species present in a tallgrass prairie (1). Infection with barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV, family Luteoviridae) is of interest in these species because of the potential effects of the virus on tallgrass prairie plant communities and the potential for tallgrass prairie to function as a reservoir of the virus for infection in wheat or barley fields. In a previous inoculation experiment, an unidentified strain of BYDV transmitted by the aphid species Rhopalosiphum padi was reported to infect S. scoparium but none of the other three grass species (2). We sampled for the presence of five virus strains in at least 50 blooming plants of each grass species in a natural tallgrass prairie stand in August 2000. Samples were collected in watersheds that were designated 1B, 1D, K1A, 20B, and 20C at Konza Prairie Biological Station in the Flint Hills near Manhattan, KS. To detect the virus, we used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with antibodies purchased from Agdia (Elkhart, IN). For the PAV, MAV, RMV, and SGV strains, we used double-antibody sandwich ELISA with alkaline phosphatase label. For Cereal yellow dwarf virus (RPV), we used compound direct ELISA with alkaline phosphatase label. The scoring of ELISA results was based on comparison with infected and uninfected control plants of the same species. Symptoms of infection in the field were difficult to interpret visually, since plants in this natural environment often showed multiple symptoms of stress. None of the five strains were detected in 51 individuals of S. nutans. For 50 individuals of S. scoparium, the incidence of infection by the different strains was 4\% for MAV, 0\% for PAV, 2\% for RMV, 0\% for RPV, and 58\% for SGV. For 51 individuals of P. virgatum, the incidence of infection was 31\% for MAV, 0\% for PAV, 0\% for RMV, 0\% for RPV, and 4\% for SGV. For 64 individuals of A. gerardii, the incidence of infection was 59\% for MAV, 0\% for PAV, 0\% for RMV, 0\% for RPV, and 3\% for SGV. The impact of BYDV on these tallgrass prairie species remains to be determined. The PAV strain is the most commonly reported strain in wheat in Kansas but was not recovered from these grass species.},
	keywords = {LTER-KNZ},
	doi = {10.1094/PDIS.2004.88.5.574B},
	author = {Garrett, K.A. and Dendy, S.P. and Power, A.G. and Blaisdell, G.K. and Alexander, H.M. and McCarron, J.K.}
}
